Insulin resistance changes over time during pregnancy, and in the last half of the pregnancy,
insulin resistance increases considerably and can become severe, especially in women with …

Pragnancy has commonly been viewed as a cooperative interaction between a mother and
her fetus. The effects of natural selection on genes expressed in fetuses, however, may be …

Zoopolis offers a new agenda for the theory and practice of animal rights. Most animal rights
theory focuses on the intrinsic capacities or interests of animals, and the moral status and …

I. Introduction H ETEROGENEITY of polypeptide hormones has been recognized since the
early 1970s. It stems from a variety of sources, including genetic, pretranslational …

I. Introduction PRL PL, and GH are homologous proteins that are thought to have arisen from
a common ancestral gene by two successive tandem duplications (Refs. 1–5; for review, see …

A number of placenta-specific genes (eg, Tpbp, Plac1, Syncytin, and retrotransposon-
associated genes such as Peg10, Rtl1, Endothelin B receptor, Insl4, Leptin, Midline1, and …

Human growth hormone (GH) is a heterogeneous protein hormone consisting of several
isoforms. The sources of this heterogeneity reside at the level of the genome, mRNA …

Once thought to be present only in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, the GH receptor is now
known to be ubiquitously distributed, in accord with the many pleiotropic actions of GH …

Placental growth hormone (PGH) is the product of the GH-V gene, predominantly expressed
in the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the human placenta. PGH differs from pituitary growth …

GH is believed to be widely employed in sports as a performance-enhancing substance. Its
use in athletic competition is banned by the World Anti-Do** Agency, and athletes are …