The land surface is a key component of climate models. It controls the partitioning of
available energy at the surface between sensible and latent heat, and it controls the …

The snow cover is a key component of land surface hydrology, especially in mountain areas
where it governs the amount and timing of water availability in downstream areas. It is …

Accurately predicting weather and climate in cities is critical for safeguarding human health
and strengthening urban resilience. Multimodel evaluations can lead to model …

Results are presented from the second phase of the multiinstitution North American Land
Data Assimilation System (NLDAS‐2) research partnership. In NLDAS, the Noah, Variable …

The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is a macroscale semi-distributed hydrologic
model. VIC development began in the early 1990s and the model has since been used …

This first paper of the two‐part series describes the objectives of the community efforts in
improving the Noah land surface model (LSM), documents, through mathematical …

A Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) has been developed. Its purpose is to
ingest satellite-and ground-based observational data products, using advanced land surface …

We present the impact tests that preceded the most recent operational upgrades to the land
surface model used in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) mesoscale …

Understanding the variability of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle is central to determining the
potential for extreme events and susceptibility to future change. In the absence of long-term …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …