Currently, obesity has become a global health issue and is referred to as an epidemic.
Dysfunctional obese adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in the development of insulin …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex and dynamic organelle that regulates many
cellular pathways, including protein synthesis, protein quality control, and lipid synthesis …

Loss of functional β-cell mass is the key mechanism leading to the two main forms of
diabetes mellitus—type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) …

Oxidative stress (OxS) is considered a major factor in the pathophysiology of inflammatory
chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Chronic impairment of …

The deleterious effects of chronically elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels on glucose
homeostasis are referred to as lipotoxicity, and the concurrent exposure to high glucose may …

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriately elevated glucose
levels as a result of impaired pancreatic β cell function and insulin resistance. Extensive …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle important for regulating calcium
homeostasis, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and posttranslational modification and …

Type 2 diabetes is caused by chronic insulin resistance and progressive decline in beta-cell
function. Optimal beta-cell function and mass is essential for glucose homeostasis and beta …

Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory
disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of …

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and
ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the …