With climate change, heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent, intense and broader
in spatial extent. However, while the lethal effects of heat waves on humans are well …

The increased frequency of climate extremes in recent years has profoundly affected
terrestrial ecosystem functions and the welfare of human society. The carbon cycle is a key …

Compound climate extremes are receiving increasing attention because of their
disproportionate impacts on humans and ecosystems. However, risks assessments …

Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes
may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus …

Forest canopies buffer climate extremes and promote microclimates that may function as
refugia for understory species under changing climate. However, the biophysical conditions …

The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon
balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to …

The number and intensity of heat waves has increased, and this trend is likely to continue
throughout the 21st century. Often, heat waves are accompanied by drought conditions. It is …

Climate change forecasts of more frequent climate extremes suggest that such events will
become increasingly important drivers of future ecosystem dynamics and function. Because …

Whether and how the timing of extreme events affects the direction and magnitude of legacy
effects on tree growth is poorly understood. In this study, we use a global database of Ring …

Land cover changes (LCCs) play an important role in the climate system. Research over
recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature …