Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …

Morphological integration describes the degree to which sets of organismal traits covary with
one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological …

Members of the order Carnivora display a broad range of locomotor habits, including
cursorial, scansorial, arboreal, semiaquatic, aquatic, and semifossorial species from multiple …

Previous studies have examined mid‐facial cold adaptation among either widely dispersed
and genetically very diverse groups of humans isolated for tens of thousands of years, or …

In this article, we investigate convergent evolution toward durophagy in carnivoran skull
shape using geometric morphometrics in a sample of living and extinct species. Principal …

Understanding the interplay between morphological integration and modularity is
considered an important topic in the study of the evolution of the form of complex structures …

Gene expression changes contribute to complex trait variations in both individuals and
populations. However, the evolution of gene expression underlying complex traits over …

The relationship between skull morphology and diet is a prime example of adaptive
evolution. In mammals, the skull consists of the cranium and the mandible. Although the …

Cat-like carnivorous mammals represent a relatively homogeneous group of species whose
morphology appears constrained by exclusive adaptations for meat eating. We present the …