The increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have become a major
environmental challenge due to their contribution to global warming. The primary drivers of …

Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09× 106 km2, located within
a larger boreal zone characterized by cool summers and long cold winters. Warming since …

Species across a wide range of taxa and habitats are shifting phenological events in
response to climate change. While advances are common, shifts vary in magnitude and …

The topics assessed in this chapter were last assessed by the IPCC in 2007, principally in
WGII AR4 Chapters 3 (Kundzewicz et al., 2007) and 4 (Fischlin et al., 2007), but also in WGII …

Abstract Changes in Arctic vegetation can have important implications for trophic
interactions and ecosystem functioning leading to climate feedbacks. Plot-based vegetation …

Decades of research have illuminated the underlying ingredients that determine the scope
of evolutionary responses to climate change. The field of evolutionary biology therefore …

Almost all organisms live in environments that have been altered, to some degree, by
human activities. Because behaviour mediates interactions between an individual and its …

Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in
all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are …

Recognition of the importance of intraspecific variation in ecological processes has been
growing, but empirical studies and models of global change have only begun to address this …

Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The relationship …