Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development have significantly improved the fight
against cancers. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in the clinical …

Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

The past decades have witnessed great progress in cancer immunotherapy, which has
profoundly revolutionized oncology, whereas low patient response rates and potential …

Tumors are not only aggregates of malignant cells but also well-organized complex
ecosystems. The immunological components within tumors, termed the tumor immune …

The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of
the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, TME modulation strategies have attracted …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex genetic disease that is instigated and
amplified by the confluence of multiple genetic and environmental variables that perturb the …

Under conditions of hypoxia, most eukaryotic cells can shift their primary metabolic strategy
from predominantly mitochondrial respiration towards increased glycolysis to maintain ATP …

Diminished oxygen availability, termed hypoxia, within solid tumors is one of the most
common characteristics of cancer. Hypoxia shapes the landscape of the tumor …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; also referred to as mesenchymal stromal cells) have
attracted much attention for their ability to regulate inflammatory processes. Their therapeutic …