Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

Naturally occurring tropical Pacific variations at timescales of 7–70 years—tropical Pacific
decadal variability (TPDV)—describe basin-scale sea surface temperature (SST), sea-level …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Earth's climate history is often understood by breaking it down into constituent climatic
epochs 1. Over the Common Era (the past 2,000 years) these epochs, such as the Little Ice …

South American (SA) societies are highly vulnerable to droughts and pluvials, but lack of
long-term climate observations severely limits our understanding of the global processes …

The Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR) utilizes an ensemble methodology to assimilate
paleoclimate data for the production of annually resolved climate field reconstructions of the …

Abstract The Modern Era Reanalysis (ModE-RA) is a global monthly paleo-reanalysis
covering the period between 1421 and 2008. To reconstruct past climate fields an offline …

Over the past two decades, more frequent and intense climate events have seriously
threatened the operation of water transfer projects in the Pacific Rim region. However, the …

This review addresses the causes of observed climate variations across the industrial
period, from 1750 to present. It focuses on long-term changes, both in response to external …