▪ Abstract A variety of isoforms of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels have been
described. Ten genes encoding sodium channel α subunits have been identified, and nine …

Abstract The paralytic agent (+)‐saxitoxin (STX), most commonly associated with oceanic
red tides and shellfish poisoning, is a potent inhibitor of electrical conduction in cells. Its …

INTRODUCTION The nine subtypes of mammalian voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels,
Nav1. 1 to Nav1. 9, are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in …

Voltage-dependent movement of a sodium channel S4 segment was examined by cysteine
scanning mutagenesis and testing accessibility of the residues to hydrophilic cysteine …

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are produced by marine bacteria and have been
detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. The European …

Cardiac and nerve Na channels have broadly similar functional properties and amino acid
sequences, but they demonstrate specific differences in gating, permeation, ionic block …

Mutations in the adult human skeletal muscle Na+ channel a subunit cause the disease
paramyotonia congenita. Two paramyotonia congenita mutations, R1448H and R1448C …

Background and objective: Thymol is a naturally occurring phenol derivative used in
anaesthetic practice as a stabilizer and preservative of halothane, usually at a concentration …

A variety of different isoforms of mammalian voltage‐gated sodium channels have been
identified. These channels can be classified into three different types. Eight type 1 isoforms …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are multi-molecular protein complexes expressed
in both excitable and non-excitable cells. They are primarily formed by a pore-forming multi …