Since the concept of working memory was introduced over 50 years ago, different schools of
thought have offered different definitions for working memory based on the various cognitive …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by deficits in
episodic memory, working memory (WM), and executive function. Examples of executive …

Abstract “The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC)”, proposed in 2009, is a
conceptual model of cognitive aging that integrated evidence from structural and functional …

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept meant to account for the frequent discrepancy between
an individual's measured level of brain pathology and her expected cognitive performance. It …

Healthy aging (HA) is associated with certain declines in cognitive functions, even in
individuals that are free of any process of degenerative illness. Functional magnetic …

The availability of neuroimaging technology has spurred a marked increase in the human
cognitive neuroscience literature, including the study of cognitive ageing. Although there is a …

Background During the aging process, physical capabilities (eg, muscular strength) and
cognitive functions (eg, memory) gradually decrease. Regarding cognitive functions …

Age-related cognitive changes often include difficulties in retrieving memories, particularly
those that rely on personal experiences within their temporal and spatial contexts (ie …

Background The P300 component of the event-related potential is a large positive waveform
that can be extracted from the ongoing electroencephalogram using a two-stimuli oddball …

Due to its safety, portability, and cheapness, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
use largely increased in research and clinical settings. Despite tDCS's wide application …