Having a hypoxic microenvironment is a common and salient feature of most solid tumors.
Hypoxia has a profound effect on the biological behavior and malignant phenotype of …

Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

Abstract Analysis of human blood immune cells provides insights into the coordinated
response to viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which …

Hypoxia, a common feature of the tumor microenvironment in various types of cancers,
weakens cytotoxic T cell function and causes recruitment of regulatory T cells, thereby …

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress
immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing …

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment modality for malignant melanoma. However, the
deteriorative hypoxic microenvironment after surgery is recognized as a stemming cause for …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a failure of
spontaneous resolution of inflammation. Although the pro-inflammatory cytokines and …

Novel insights from basic and translational studies are resha** concepts of the
immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and understanding of the different inflammatory …

In cancer, T cells become dysfunctional owing to persistent antigen exposure. Dysfunctional
T cells are characterized by reduced proliferative capacity, decreased effector function, and …