Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents an enormous burden in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Preclinical studies using most glucose-lowering agents have …

Suboptimal early-life conditions affect the develo** kidney, resulting in long-term
programming effects, namely renal programming. Adverse renal programming increases the …

Rationale & Objective Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common
inherited disorder that leads to kidney failure and has few treatment options. Metformin is …

Fetal kidney development is characterized by increased uptake of glucose, ATP production
by glycolysis, and upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia …

Glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and cell autophagy are the most important factors in
the development of kidney damage under diabetic conditions. The activation of AMPK might …

Metformin along with other antidiabetic medications provide benefit to patients in the
treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but caution is advised in certain scenarios to avoid …

The beneficial effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on kidney
function are well-known; however, their molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We …

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase that is expressed in most cells
and activated by a high cellular AMP/ATP ratio (indicating energy deficiency) or by Ca2+. In …

The complex relationship between kidney disease and hypertension represents a critical
area of research, yet less attention has been devoted to exploring how this connection …

ER/SR Endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum ERK1/2 Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
1/2 ESRD End-stage renal disease FAM20C Family with sequence similarity-20 member C …