Neurotransmitters are biochemical molecules that transmit a signal from a neuron across the
synapse to a target cell, thus being essential to the function of the central and peripheral …

Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles present in most of the biological fluids.
They are found to play an important role in cell signaling, immune response, tumor …

Neurochemical events involving biosignals of different time and space dimensionalities
constitute the complex basis of neurological functions and diseases. In view of this fact …

An overreactive stress granule (SG) pathway and long‐lived, stable SGs formation are
thought to participate in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). To understand if …

Dopamine (DA), a catecholamine neurotransmitter, is crucial in brain signal transmission.
Monitoring cytoplasmic DA levels can reflect changes in metabolic factors and provide …

Measuring the activity of low-abundance enzymes, down to a few molecules in one living
cell, is important but challenging to elucidate their biological function. Here, an …

Exosomes secreted from cells carry rich information from their parent cells, representing a
promising biomarker for investigation of diseases. We develop a dual-nanopore biosensor …

Carbon is a popular electrode material for neurotransmitter detection due to its good
electrochemical properties, high biocompatibility, and inert chemistry. Traditional carbon …

Hofmeister effects play a critical role in numerous physicochemical and biological
phenomena, including the solubility and/or accumulation of proteins, the activities of …

Dopamine is a key catecholamine in the brain and kidney, where it is involved in a number
of physiological functions such as locomotion, cognition, emotion, endocrine regulation, and …