Animal mitochondrial DNA is a small, extrachromosomal genome, typically∼ 16 kb in size.
With few exceptions, all animal mitochondrial genomes contain the same 37 genes: two for …

Biological energy conversion in mitochondria is carried out by the membrane protein
complexes of the respiratory chain and the mitochondrial ATP synthase in the inner …

Mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts) are cell organelles of endosymbiotic origin that
possess their own genetic information. Most organellar DNAs map as circular double …

The serial endosymbiosis theory is a favored model for explaining the origin of mitochondria,
a defining event in the evolution of eukaryotic cells. As usually described, this theory posits …

Mitochondria and plastids are DNA-containing cell organelles whose genomes occur at high
copy numbers per cell. Organellar genomes vary greatly in size ranging from approximately …

The appearance of photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae and plants) dramatically altered the
Earth's ecosystem, making possible all vertebrate life on land, including humans. Dating …

Viewed through the lens of the genome it contains, the mitochondrion is of unquestioned
bacterial ancestry, originating from within the bacterial phylum α-Proteobacteria …

NADH: quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) pumps protons across the inner membrane of
mitochondria or the plasma membrane of many bacteria. Human complex I is involved in …

Mitochondrial gene content is highly variable across extant eukaryotes. The number of
mitochondrial protein genes varies from 3 to 67, while tRNA gene content varies from 0 to …

▪ Abstract Recent results from ancestral (minimally derived) protists testify to the tremendous
diversity of the mitochondrial genome in various eukaryotic lineages, but also reinforce the …