We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Technology and innovations have fueled the evolution of the fourth industrial revolution
(Industry 4.0). Industry 4.0 spurs growth and development through its efficiency capacity, as …

All species have an environmental niche, and despite technological advances, humans are
unlikely to be an exception. Here, we demonstrate that for millennia, human populations …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

Projections of climate change are available at coarse scales (70–400 km). But agricultural
and species models typically require finer scale climate data to model climate change …

The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments
from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and …

We explore the representation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in
27 models from the CMIP6 multimodel ensemble. Comparison with RAPID and SAMBA …

Climate model projections using offline aridity and/or drought indices predict substantial
terrestrial drying over the twenty-first century,,,,,,,,,–. However, these same models also …

The process of parameter estimation targeting a chosen set of observations is an essential
aspect of numerical modeling. This process is usually named tuning in the climate modeling …