The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and
hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy …

Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the
last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in …

The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded
receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component …

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2, the
founding members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense conserved motifs in …

In this review, we provide an update on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, we summarize progress in defining the …

Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …

It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune
response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan‐conserved motifs. Significant …

Over recent years it has become increasingly clear that innate immune responses can
shape the adaptive immune response. Among the most potent molecules of the innate …

The mammalian alimentary tract harbors hundreds of species of commensal
microorganisms (microbiota) that intimately interact with the host and provide it with genetic …

Crohn's disease is a relapsing systemic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the
gastrointestinal tract with extraintestinal manifestations and associated immune disorders …