Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a
rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those …

Many respiratory viruses of humans originate from animals. For instance, there are now
eight paramyxoviruses, four coronaviruses and four orthomxoviruses that cause recurrent …

Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since
July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent …

The most widely quoted date for the beginning of the recorded history of avian influenza (AI)
is 1878, when researchers first differentiated a disease of poultry (initially known as fowl …

In November 2016, an influenza A (H5N8) outbreak caused deaths of wild birds and
domestic poultry in Germany. Clade 2.3. 4.4 virus was closely related to viruses detected at …

Abstract Background Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses continue to spread
via waterfowl, causing lethal infections in humans. Vaccines can prevent the morbidity and …

Mutation D701N in the PB2 protein is known to play a prominent role in the adaptation of
avian influenza A viruses to mammalian hosts. In contrast, little is known about the nearby …

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was reintroduced and caused
outbreaks in chickens in the 2010–2011 winter season in Japan, which had been free from …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/H5N1 was first officially reported in Africa in early
2006. Since the first outbreak in Nigeria, this virus spread rapidly to other African countries …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus persists in Asia, posing a threat to
poultry, wild birds, and humans. Previous work in Southeast Asia demonstrated that HPAI …