A century ago, meteorologists regarded tropical cyclones as shallow vortices, extending
upward only a few kilometers into the troposphere, and nothing was known about their …

Formation of cirrus clouds depends on the availability of ice nuclei to begin condensation of
atmospheric water vapor. Although it is known that only a small fraction of atmospheric …

A review of progress over the past 50 years in observing and forecasting of tropical cyclones
is presented. Tremendous progress has been made in track forecasting in the past 20 years …

Recent (past~ 15 years) advances in our understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity
change processes using aircraft data are summarized here. The focus covers a variety of …

The structure and evolution of Hurricane Earl (2010) during its rapid intensification as
sampled by aircraft is studied here. Rapid intensification occurs in two stages. During the …

An update of the progress achieved as part of the NOAA Intensity Forecasting Experiment
(IFEX) is provided. Included is a brief summary of the noteworthy aircraft missions flown in …

We present the results of idealized numerical experiments to examine the difference
between tropical cyclone evolution in three-dimensional (3-D) and axisymmetric (AX) model …

Using dropsondes from 27 aircraft flights, in situ observations, and satellite data acquired
during Tropical Cyclone Earl (category 4 hurricane), bulk air–sea fluxes of enthalpy and …

The thermodynamic aspects of tropical cyclone (TC) formation near the center of the wave
pouch, a region of approximately closed Lagrangian circulation within the wave critical layer …

We present preliminary results from the field program Organization of Tropical East Pacific
Convection (OTREC), with measurements during August and September of 2019 using the …