Evidence is reviewed from a wide range of studies relevant to the evolution of vertebrate
photoreceptors and phototransduction, in order to permit the synthesis of a scenario for the …

As succinctly summarized by Wolf, 1 lack of vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) was recognized by
ancient Egyptians as causing a visual deficiency involving the retina and cornea that could …

In 1942, Walls described the concept of a 'nocturnal bottleneck'in placental mammals, where
these species could survive only by avoiding daytime activity during times in which …

Optical manipulations of genetically defined cell types have generated significant insights
into the dynamics of neural circuits. While optogenetic activation has been relatively …

Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles
in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The production of RA from retinol requires …

The overall function of sleep is hypothesized to provide “recovery” after preceding waking
activities, thereby ensuring optimal functioning during subsequent wakefulness. However …

Opsin proteins are essential molecules in mediating the ability of animals to detect and use
light for diverse biological functions. Therefore, understanding the evolutionary history of …

A luminescent cadmium–pamoate metal–organic framework,[Cd2 (PAM) 2 (dpe) 2 (H2O)
2]⋅ 0.5 (dpe)(1), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by using π‐electron …

Light affects animal physiology and behavior more than simply through classical visual,
image-forming pathways. Nonvisual photoreception regulates numerous biological systems …

In craniates, opsin‐based photopigments expressed in the eye encode molecular 'light
sensors' that constitute the initial protein in photoreception and the activation of the …