Withdrawal from opioids involves a negative affective state that promotes maintenance of
drug-seeking behavior and relapse. As such, understanding the neurobiological …

Opioids are potent analgesics broadly used for pain management; however, they can
produce dangerous side effects including addiction and respiratory depression. These …

Withdrawal from chronic opioid use often causes hypodopaminergic states and negative
affect, which may drive relapse. Direct-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs) in the …

Drug addiction or substance use disorder (SUD), has been conceptualized as a three-stage
(ie binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation/craving) …

Within the national opioid epidemic, there has been an increase in the number of infants
exposed to opioids in utero. Additionally, opioid agonist medications are the standard of …

Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has been implicated in habituation to
stress, and its augmentation reduces stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. Chronic restraint …

Clinical evidence suggests that there are correlations between activity within the anterior
cingulate cortex (ACC) following re-exposure to drug-associated contexts and drug craving …

The direct blockade of CB 1 cannabinoid receptors produces therapeutic effects as well as
adverse side-effects that limit their clinical potential. CB 1 negative allosteric modulators …

This paper is the forty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Chronic opioid exposure induces tolerance to the pain-relieving effects of opioids but
sensitization to some other effects. While the occurrence of these adaptations is well …