The multiple endocrine functions of bone other than those related to mineral metabolism,
such as regulation of insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and energy metabolism, have …

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, especially as a
result of our aging society, high caloric intake and sedentary lifestyle. Besides the well …

Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of bone fragility
fractures compared to nondiabetic subjects. This increased fracture risk may occur despite …

Context The risk of fragility fractures is increased in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Numerous biochemical markers reflecting bone and/or glucose metabolism have been …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process and is considered one of the
main catabolism pathways. In the process of autophagy, cells are digested nonselectively or …

Metformin, an effective hypoglycemic, can modulate different points of malignant mass,
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cardiovascular diseases, tuberculosis, and nerve …

Bone disease is a serious complication to diabetes. Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and
type 2 diabetes (T2D) suffer from an increased risk of fracture, most notably at the hip …

Certain glucose‐lowering medications have been implicated in the risk of fracture. While
there is convincing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that thiazolidinedione …

Background With the deepening of social aging, the incidence rate of osteoporosis and
diabetes continues to rise. More and more clinical studies show that diabetes is highly …

Measurements of bone markers (BMs) in peripheral blood or urine are a pivotal part of bone
research within modern clinical medicine. In recent years the use of BMs increased …