Neuroinflammation, a protective response of the central nervous system (CNS), is
associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS is composed of …

Regulated cell death is a major mechanism to eliminate damaged, infected, or superfluous
cells. Previously, apoptosis was thought to be the only regulated cell death mechanism; …

Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The
outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is …

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are diseases with
high mortality. Macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for inflammatory responses in …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) disrupts anti-microbial pathways of macrophages, cells
that normally kill bacteria. Over 40 years ago, D'Arcy Hart showed that Mtb avoids delivery to …

Bacterial flagellin is critical to mediate NLRC4 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1
activation. However, Shigella flexneri, a nonflagellated bacterium, and a flagellin (fliC) …

Pneumonia is initiated by microbes in the lung, but physiological processes integrating
responses across diverse cell types and organ systems dictate the outcome of respiratory …

The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor
family, has diverse functions, augmenting or inhibiting the immune response. HVEM was …

Prion disorders are transmissible diseases caused by a proteinaceous infectious agent that
can infect the lymphatic and nervous systems. The clinical features of prion diseases can …

Rhoptries are club-shaped secretory organelles located at the anterior pole of species
belonging to the phylum of Apicomplexa. Parasites of this phylum are responsible for a huge …