The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

There is a high degree of overlap between brain regions involved in processing natural
rewards and drugs of abuse.“Non-drug” or “behavioral” addictions have become …

Dendritic spines are multifunctional integrative units of the nervous system and are highly
diverse and dynamic in nature. Both internal and external stimuli influence dendritic spine …

One hallmark of psychiatric conditions is the vast continuum of individual differences in
susceptibility vs. resilience resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental …

Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to have powerful beneficial effects on a
variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

The rewarding properties of social interactions are essential for the expression of social
behavior and the development of adaptive social relationships. Here, we review sex …

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive drug taking, drug
seeking and a loss of control in limiting intake, reflected in three stages of a recurrent cycle …

The detrimental effects of drug abuse are apparently not limited to individuals but may also
impact the vulnerability of their progenies to develop addictive behaviours. Epigenetic …

Addiction to drug and alcohol is regarded as a major health problem worldwide for which
available treatments show limited effectiveness. The biggest challenge remains to enhance …

Rationale Social factors are important determinants of drug dependence and relapse.
Objectives We reviewed pre-clinical literature examining the role of social experiences from …