Light provides a widely abundant energy source and valuable sensory cue in nature. Most
animals exposed to light have photoreceptor cells and in addition to eyes, there are many …

Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the evolution of complex (multi-part) systems
is a fundamental topic in biology. One unanswered question is to what the extent do similar …

Dynamic color change has evolved multiple times, with a physiological basis that has been
repeatedly linked to dermal photoreception via the study of excised skin preparations …

Background Light is essential for various biological activities. In particular, visual information
through eyes or eyespots is very important for most of animals, and thus, the functions and …

Almost all animals can sense light, but only those with spatial vision can" see."
Conventionally, this was restricted to animals possessing discrete visual organs (eyes), but …

Light is a crucial environmental ecological factor that affects physiological processes
including feeding and growth of marine invertebrates. Although nonvisual photosensitivity …

Opsins allow us to see. They are G-protein-coupled receptors and bind as ligand retinal,
which is bound covalently to a lysine in the seventh transmembrane domain. This makes …

Stomatopod crustaceans have among the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom, with
up to 12 different color detection channels. The capabilities of these unique eyes include …

In crustaceans, G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest transmembrane
receptor family and function by mediating various environmental stimuli in cells …

This review reports recent findings on the specification and patterning of neurons that
establish the larval nervous system of the sea urchin embryo. Neurons originate in three …