Hummingbirds have two main foraging strategies: territoriality (defending a patch of flowers)
and traplining (foraging over routine circuits of isolated patches). Species are often classified …

The ecoevolutionary drivers of species niche expansion or contraction are critical for
biodiversity but challenging to infer. Niche expansion may be promoted by local adaptation …

Multidirectional approaches are essential for harnessing mechanical energy of random
varying directions. Traditional multidirectional technologies are difficult to effectively …

Among the air-breathing vertebrates, regarding respiratory efficiency, the avian respiratory
system rests at the evolutionary zenith. Structurally, it is separated into a lung that serves as …

How does agility evolve? This question is challenging because natural movement has many
degrees of freedom and can be influenced by multiple traits. We used computer vision to …

Predictable trait variation across environments suggests shared adaptive responses via
repeated genetic evolution, phenotypic plasticity or both. Matching of trait–environment …

Mutualistic interactions are powerful drivers of biodiversity on Earth that can be represented
as complex interaction networks that vary in connection pattern and intensity. One of the …

Hummingbirds are well known for their hovering flight, one of the most energetically
expensive modes of locomotion among animals. Molt is a costly event in the annual cycle, in …

Wingbeat frequency estimation is an important aspect for the study of avian flight, energetics,
and behavioral patterns, among others. Hummingbirds, in particular, are ideal subjects to …

Animals must tune their physical performance to changing environmental conditions, and
the breadth of environmental tolerance may contribute to delineating the geographic range …