The realization of hybrid optics could be one of the best ways to fulfill the technological
requirements of compact, light-weight, and multi-functional optical systems for modern …

Approximately one third of the human proteome contains metal cations, either in the form of
cofactors with catalytic functions or as structural support elements. 1, 2 To guarantee a …

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is a key technology for material science, attosecond
metrology, and lithography. Here, we experimentally demonstrate metasurfaces as a …

To predict potential medical value or toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs), it is necessary to
understand the chemical transformation during intracellular processes of NPs. However, it is …

Analytical tools that have spatial resolution at the nanometre scale are indispensable for the
life and physical sciences. It is desirable that these tools also permit elemental and chemical …

X-ray free-electron lasers, produce intense femtosecond pulses that have applications in
exploring new frontiers in science. The unique characteristics of X-ray free-electron laser …

Gratings and holograms use patterned surfaces to tailor optical signals by diffraction.
Despite their long history, variants with remarkable functionalities continue to be developed …

The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and
many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to …

Spectroscopic approaches to plant and soil sciences have provided important information
for several decades. However, many of these approaches suffered from a number of …

Although diffractive optics have played a major role in nanoscale soft X-ray imaging, high-
resolution and high-efficiency diffractive optics have largely been unavailable for hard X …