Norms are a foundational concept in sociology. Following a period of skepticism about
norms as overly deterministic and as paying too little attention to social conflict, inequalities …

Despite the accumulation of research on indirect reciprocity over the past 30 years and the
publication of over 100,000 related papers, there are still many issues to be addressed …

I review the theoretical and experimental literature on the collective action problem in groups
whose members differ in various characteristics affecting individual costs, benefits and …

Human cooperation is enigmatic, as organisms are expected, by evolutionary and economic
theory, to act principally in their own interests. However, cooperation requires individuals to …

The emergence and maintenance of punishment to protect the commons remains an open
puzzle in social and biological sciences. Even in societies where pro-social punishing is …

Punishment is a common tactic to sustain cooperation and has been extensively studied for
a long time. While most of previous game-theoretic work adopt the imitation learning …

The tension between individual and collective interests and the provision of sanctioning
mechanisms have been identified as important building blocks of a theory of norm …

The present paper investigates how rewards as well as punishments–implemented to
enforce the social norm of cooperation–impact the reputations of the leaders administering …

Indirect reciprocity facilitates cooperation in social dilemmas by assessing the behaviors of
agents through social norms. In this paper, we introduce two new types of second-order …

Peer-punishment is an important determinant of cooperation in human groups. It has been
suggested that, at the proximate level of analysis, punitive preferences can explain why …