2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract In the Northern Hemisphere, an insolation driven Early to Middle Holocene Thermal
Maximum was followed by a Neoglacial cooling that culminated during the Little Ice Age …

Himalayan glaciers are undergoing rapid mass loss but rates of contemporary change lack
long-term (centennial-scale) context. Here, we reconstruct the extent and surfaces of 14,798 …

Over the past two decades, ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased
owing to enhanced surface melting and ice discharge to the ocean,,,–. Whether continuing …

The mass of the Greenland ice sheet is declining as mass gain from snow accumulation is
exceeded by mass loss from surface meltwater runoff, marine-terminating glacier calving …

Fjord dynamics influence oceanic heat flux to the Greenland ice sheet. Submarine iceberg
melting releases large volumes of freshwater within Greenland's fjords, yet its impact on fjord …

Future projections of global mean sea level change are uncertain, partly because of our
limited understanding of the dynamics of Greenland's outlet glaciers. Here we study …

The observed crustal uplift rates in Greenland are caused by the combined response of the
solid Earth to both ongoing and past surface mass changes. Existing elastic Earth models …

The number of Arctic glaciers with direct, long-term measurements of mass balance is
limited. Here we used satellite-based observations of the glacier snowline altitude (SLA), the …

The size of the last glacial ice sheet on the Northeast (NE) Greenland shelf and its
interaction with ocean circulation have been the subject of debate. Here we provide insights …