Observations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global
biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the …

Sea ice is the central component and most sensitive indicator of the Arctic climate system.
Both the depletion and areal decline of the Arctic sea ice cover, observed since the 1970s …

Abstract The Last Interglacial (LIG), a warmer period 130,000–116,000 years before present,
is a potential analogue for future climate change. Stronger LIG summertime insolation at …

In the Arctic, under-ice primary production is limited to summer months and is restricted not
only by ice thickness and snow cover but also by the stratification of the water column, which …

Clouds play an important role in Arctic amplification. This term represents the recently
observed enhanced warming of the Arctic relative to the global increase of near-surface air …

Abstract The area of Arctic September sea ice has diminished from about 7 million km 2 in
the 1990s to less than 5 million km 2 in five of the past seven years, with a record minimum …

Declines in Arctic sea ice extent and thickness suggest scientifically important changes in
the spatial pattern of the marginal ice zone (MIZ)—a dynamic and biologically active band of …

Melt ponds on sea ice strongly reduce the surface albedo and accelerate the decay of Arctic
sea ice. Due to different spectral properties of snow, ice, and water, the fractional coverage …

In July 2011, the observation of a massive phytoplankton bloom underneath a sea ice–
covered region of the Chukchi Sea shifted the scientific consensus that regions of the Arctic …

The ice-covered central Arctic Ocean is characterized by low primary productivity due to light
and nutrient limitations. The recent reduction in ice cover has the potential to substantially …