Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of
materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter …

The increasing use of engineered organisms for industrial, clinical, and environmental
applications poses a growing risk of spreading hazardous biological entities into the …

The living world is largely divided into autotrophs that convert CO 2 into biomass and
heterotrophs that consume organic compounds. In spite of widespread interest in renewable …

The near-universal genetic code defines the correspondence between codons in genes and
amino acids in proteins. We refactored the structure of the genetic code in Escherichia coli …

Modified nucleic acids, also called xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), offer a variety of advantages
for biotechnological applications and address some of the limitations of first-generation …

Continuous directed evolution methods allow the key steps of evolution—gene
diversification, selection, and replication—to proceed in the laboratory with minimal …

Microbes can be engineered to act like living therapeutics designed to perform specific
actions in the human body. From fighting and preventing infections to eliminating tumors and …

MicroScope is an integrated platform dedicated to both the methodical updating of microbial
genome annotation and to comparative analysis. The resource provides data from …

Formate may become an ideal mediator between the physicochemical and biological
realms, as it can be produced efficiently from multiple available sources, such as electricity …

Even though technological advances could allow humans to reach Mars in the coming
decades, launch costs prohibit the establishment of permanent manned outposts for which …