Recent global temperature reconstructions for the current interglacial period (the Holocene,
beginning 11,700 years ago) have generated contrasting trends. This Review examines …

Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet contains the vast majority of Earth's glacier ice (about
52 metres sea-level equivalent), but is often viewed as less vulnerable to global warming …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The melting of glaciers and ice caps accounts for about one-third of current sea-level rise,–,
exceeding the mass loss from the more voluminous Greenland or Antarctic Ice Sheets,. The …

Uncertainty about sea-level rise is dominated by uncertainty about iceberg calving, mass
loss from glaciers or ice sheets by fracturing. Review of the rapidly growing calving literature …

Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) describes the response of the solid Earth, the gravitational
field, and the oceans to the growth and decay of the global ice sheets. A commonly studied …

Ocean melting has thinned Antarctica's ice shelves at an increasing rate over the past two
decades, leading to loss of grounded ice. The Ross Ice Shelf is currently close to steady …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is out of equilibrium with the current anthropogenic‐
enhanced climate forcing. Paleoenvironmental records and ice sheet models reveal that the …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …