Chronic stressful life events are risk factors for develo** major depression, the
pathophysiology of which is strongly linked to impairments in serotonin (5-HT) …

Many of the brain's reward systems converge on the nucleus accumbens, a region richly
innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferents representing the circuitry …

Dopamine and noradrenaline are crucial neuromodulators controlling brain states,
vigilance, action, reward, learning, and memory processes. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for cognitive control, and dopamine profoundly
influences its functions. In other brain regions, astrocytes sense diverse neurotransmitters …

The term “resilience” refers to the ability to adapt successfully to stress, trauma and
adversity, enabling individuals to avoid stress-induced mental disorders such as depression …

Affective valence lies on a spectrum ranging from punishment to reward. The coding of such
spectra in the brain almost always involves opponency between pairs of systems or …

The midbrain dopamine system is a sophisticated hub that integrates diverse inputs to
control multiple physiological functions, including locomotion, motivation, cognition, reward …

[Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 5291-5338, June 1, 2009] 5291 Neurobiology of depression,
fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain Vladimi Page 1 [Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 5291-5338, June …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) help mediate stress
susceptibility and resilience. However, upstream mechanisms controlling these neurons …

Apathy is a debilitating and under-recognized condition that has a significant impact in many
neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease, it is now known to contribute to worse …