When assessing causal effects, determining the target population to which the results are
intended to generalize is a critical decision. Randomized and observational studies each …

External validity captures the extent to which inferences drawn from a given study's sample
apply to a broader population or other target populations. Social scientists frequently invoke …

To what extent do survey experimental treatment effect estimates generalize to other
populations and contexts? Survey experiments conducted on convenience samples have …

Evaluating treatment effect heterogeneity widely informs treatment decision making. At the
moment, much emphasis is placed on the estimation of the conditional average treatment …

Great care is taken in epidemiologic studies to ensure the internal validity of causal effect
estimates; however, external validity has received considerably less attention. When the …

The supplementary material contains details on treatment effect estimation performed
separately on RCT data (Section A) and on observational data (Section B), derivations of the …

When treatment effect modifiers influence the decision to participate in a randomized trial,
the average treatment effect in the population represented by the randomized individuals …

This article reviews recent advances in causal inference relevant to sociology. We focus on
a selective subset of contributions aligning with four broad topics: causal effect identification …

Recent years have seen increasing interest in and attention to evidence-based practices,
where the “evidence” generally comes from well-conducted randomized trials. However …

In this issue, Weiss discusses “generalizing” inferences from randomized trials to other
populations [1]. However, he does not explicitly define what “generalizing” means, assumes …