Choices of the spatial and temporal dimensions of ecological investigations define their
scale. In this paper, I identify some of the ways that issues of scale challenge ecologists in …

The discipline of ecology seeks to understand how ecosystems, communities, and
populations are regulated. A ubiquitous mechanism of population regulation of consumers is …

Bears consuming wild fruits for fall energy accumulation are constrained by several factors,
including intake rate, the physiological capacity of the gastrointestinal tract, and the …

The rate of food intake exerts an important influence on many aspects of herbivore ecology,
including diet and habitat choices, social organization, and predator avoidance. When food …

Recent models suggest that herbivores might optimize energy gain by selecting patches of
intermediate vegetation biomass. We tested this hypothesis in wapiti (Cervus elaphus) by …

I review recent developments in the theory of diet selection by deer with a focus on the diet
selection problem at the level of individual food items. Much progress has been made in …

Documentation of the natural range of variation in ecological, life history, and physiological
characteristics of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) of the Porcupine caribou herd is a necessary …

Twenty-day simulations of responses by a larval fish cohort were investigated with an
individual-based model of predation by ctenophore, medusa, and planktivorous fish …

Although well known as carnivores and not capable of digesting plant fiber, grizzly bears
(Ursus arctos horribilis) consume over 200 species of plants and are entirely vegetarian in …

Herbivores contend with spatial and temporal variation in the quality, quantity, and
availability of their food resource. The energy that female moose (Alces alces) store during …