This bioprinting roadmap features salient advances in selected applications of the technique
and highlights the status of current developments and challenges, as well as envisioned …

The mammalian retina displays no intrinsic regenerative capacities, therefore retinal
degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinitis …

In 2008, researchers created human three-dimensional neural tissue–known as the
pioneering work of “brain organoids.” In recent years, some researchers have transplanted …

Although an increasing number of disease genes have been identified, the exact cellular
mechanisms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) remain largely unclear. Retinal organoids (ROs) …

Recently, the use of three-dimensional neural tissues cultured in vitro and called" cerebral
organoids" has advanced recapitulation of neural development and disease modeling …

A major cause for vision impairment and blindness in industrialized countries is the loss of
the light-sensing retinal tissue in the eye. Photoreceptor damage is one of the main …

Mammalian retinal metabolism favors aerobic glycolysis. However, the role of glycolytic
metabolism in retinal morphogenesis remains unknown. We report that aerobic glycolysis is …

Organogenesis is a self-organizing process of multiple cells in three-dimensional (3D)
space, where macroscopic tissue deformations are robustly regulated by multicellular …

Organ formation is a multi-scale event that involves changes at the intracellular, cellular and
tissue level. Organogenesis often starts with the formation of characteristically shaped organ …

The diversity of visual input processed by the mammalian visual system requires the
generation of many distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, each tuned to a particular …