Over recent decades, cosmological simulations of galaxy formation have been instrumental
in advancing our understanding of structure and galaxy formation in the Universe. These …

The radiation from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) creates photodissociation regions
(PDRs) and X-ray-dominated regions (XDRs), where the chemistry or heating is dominated …

We present a series of high-resolution cosmological simulations1 of galaxy formation to z=
0, spanning halo masses∼ 108–1013 M⊙, and stellar masses∼ 104–1011 M⊙. Our …

Over the past decade, observations of the cool interstellar medium (ISM) in distant galaxies
via molecular and atomic fine structure line (FSL) emission have gone from a curious look …

Planets form and obtain their compositions in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The
chemical compositions of these planet-forming disks regulate all aspects of planetary …

Understanding the formation of stars in galaxies is central to much of modern astrophysics.
However, a quantitative prediction of the star formation rate and the initial distribution of …

This article reviews the current knowledge and understanding of the interstellar medium of
our galaxy. The author first presents each of the three basic constituents—ordinary matter …

Much of the interstellar medium in disk galaxies is in the form of neutral atomic hydrogen, H
I. This gas can be in thermal equilibrium at relatively low temperatures, T≲ 300 K (the cold …

The role of turbulence and magnetic fields is studied for star formation in molecular clouds.
We derive and compare six theoretical models for the star formation rate (SFR)—the …

Neutral-atomic and molecular outflows are a common occurrence in galaxies, near and far.
They operate over the full extent of their galaxy hosts, from the innermost regions of galactic …