The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) involves a complex interplay of cell
types and signaling pathways. Recurrent alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury may occur in …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial pneumonia
with unknown causes. The incidence rate increases year by year and the prognosis is poor …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by
progressive lung scarring and the histological picture of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). It …

Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical
secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However …

Activation of TGF-β1 initiates a program of temporary collagen accumulation important to
wound repair in many organs. However, the outcome of temporary extracellular matrix …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in
critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema …

Regulated cell death is a major mechanism to eliminate damaged, infected, or superfluous
cells. Previously, apoptosis was thought to be the only regulated cell death mechanism; …

During acute or chronic lung injury, inappropriate immune response and/or aberrant repair
process causes irreversible damage in lung tissue and most usually results in the …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and usually fatal lung disease characterized
by fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling, which result in irreversible …