Obesity is gaining acceptance as a serious primary health burden that impairs the quality of
life because of its associated complications, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases …

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Insulin, which is produced in β-cells, is a critical regulator of metabolism …

Obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes through induction of insulin resistance.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes has been limited by little translational knowledge of insulin …

Leptin is a versatile 16 kDa peptide hormone, with a tertiary structure resembling that of
members of the long-chain helical cytokine family. It is mainly produced by adipocytes in …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which are ubiquitously distributed in
mammalian tissues, play a major role in cell signaling by hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP. Due …

After its discovery as a key controller of metabolic function, leptin has been later extensively
implicated in additional functions including important modulatory activities on the innate and …

Hormones produced by adipose tissue play a critical role in the regulation of energy intake,
energy expenditure, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This review will address the …

The past eighteen months have provided much progress in the cyclic nucleotide
phosphodiesterase (PDE) field. Six new phosphodiesterase genes have been discovered …

Leptin is a mainly adipocyte-secreted protein that was discovered 5 years ago. Most of the
research following this discovery focused on the role of leptin in body weight regulation …

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a world-wide growing health problem affecting more than 150
million people at the beginning of the new millennium. It is believed that this number will …