With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

The intrinsically sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and overuse of
expensive and unstable Pt-based catalysts have severely hampered the development of …

Cytochrome c oxidase (C c O) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial
respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and …

Highlights•Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (tr-SFX) probes structure and
function in each sample.•X-ray free electron lasers (XFELS) provide atomic and electronic …

MyD88 and MAL are Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptors that signal to induce pro-inflammatory
cytokine production. We previously observed that the TIR domain of MAL (MALTIR) forms …

Cytochrome c oxidase (C c O) is part of the respiratory chain and contributes to the
electrochemical membrane gradient in mitochondria as well as in many bacteria, as it uses …

Here, we illustrate what happens inside the catalytic cleft of an enzyme when substrate or
ligand binds on single-millisecond timescales. The initial phase of the enzymatic cycle is …

Cytochrome c oxidase is the terminal complex of the respiratory chains in the mitochondria
of nearly all eukaryotes. It catalyzes the reduction of molecular O 2 to water using electrons …

The mechanistic understanding of protein functions requires insight into the structural and
reaction dynamics. To elucidate these processes, a variety of experimental approaches are …