Background Climate change is one of the great challenges of our time. The consequences
of climate change on exposed biological subjects, as well as on vulnerable societies, are a …

Background Changes in Earth's climate over time can be measured in many ways. The
different metrics available represent alternative dimensions of climate change, each with …

Dryland ecosystems may be especially vulnerable to expected 21st century increases in
temperature and aridity because they are tightly controlled by moisture availability. However …

Forest canopies buffer climate extremes and promote microclimates that may function as
refugia for understory species under changing climate. However, the biophysical conditions …

Climatic changes are altering Earth's hydrological cycle, resulting in altered precipitation
amounts, increased interannual variability of precipitation, and more frequent extreme …

Growing recognition of the importance of climate extremes as drivers of contemporary and
future ecological dynamics has led to increasing interest in studying these locally and …

We review observational, experimental, and model results on how plants respond to
extreme climatic conditions induced by changing climatic variability. Distinguishing between …

Internationally, there is increasing responsibility on local governments to prepare and adapt
to global climate change through climate adaptation planning. This study evaluated seven …

The relationship between plant invasions and global change is complex. Whereas some
components of global change, such as rising CO 2, usually promote invasion, other …

Extreme climatic events can trigger abrupt and often lasting change in ecosystems via the
reduction or elimination of foundation (ie, habitat‐forming) species. However, while the …