Pulsed‐field ablation (PFA) is a promising new ablation modality for the treatment of atrial
fibrillation. This energy form employs a train of microsecond duration high amplitude …

Electroporation, the transient increase in the permeability of cell membranes when exposed
to a high electric field, is an established in vitro technique and is used to introduce DNA or …

Background: Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a rapid and nonthermal energy with higher
selectivity to myocardial tissue in comparison to radiofrequency ablation. However, its effects …

6,109,270 A 8/2000 Mah et al. 6,212,433 B1 4/2001 Behl 6,611,706 B2 8/2003 Avrahami et
al. 2002/0058936 A1 5/2002 Avrahami et al. 2003/0009110 A1 1/2003 Tu et al …

US PATENT DOCUMENTS 6,022,339 A 2/2000 Fowles et al. 6,024,739 A 2/2000 Ponzi et
al. 4,313,440 A 2/1982 Ashley 6,063,068 A 5, 2000 Fowles et al. 4.424, 057 A 1, 1984 …

OBJECTIVE. Irreversible electroporation is a nonthermal ablative tool that uses direct
electrical pulses to create irreversible membrane pores and cell death. The ablation zone is …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and catheter
ablation, which can be used in symptomatic patients refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy …

Optogenetics has emerged as an alternative method for electrical control of the heart, where
illumination is used to elicit a bioelectric response in tissue modified to express …

Despite its critical role in restoring cardiac rhythm and thus in saving human life, cardiac
defibrillation remains poorly understood. Further mechanistic inquiry is hampered by the …

US 2012/0101539 A1 Apr. 26, 2012(Continued) Related US Application Data Primary
Examiner—Nicole F Lavert (60) Provisional application No. 61/139,094, filed on Dec.(74) …