Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

Despite widespread clinical use of antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and
chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus …

Hyperactive TLR7 signaling has long been appreciated as driver of autoimmune disease in
mouse models. Recently, gain-of-function mutations in TLR7 were identified as a monogenic …

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, has swept
across 31 provinces in China and over 40 countries worldwide. The transition from first …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes self-DNA and plays intricate roles in systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the molecular mechanism regulating the endosomal …

Nucleic acid–sensing Toll-like receptors (TLR) 3, 7/8, and 9 are key innate immune sensors
whose activities must be tightly regulated to prevent systemic autoimmune or …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique DC subset that specializes in the
production of type I interferons (IFNs). pDCs promote antiviral immune responses and have …

The incidence and mortality of COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization
reports, shows a noticeable difference between North America, Western Europe, and South …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Emerging viruses such as HIV, dengue, influenza A, SARS coronavirus, Ebola, and other
viruses pose a significant threat to human health. Majority of these viruses are responsible …