This paper mainly focuses on various types of robots driven or actuated by shape memory
alloy (SMA) element in the last decade which has created the potential functionality of SMA …

This article introduces and explores the current frontier four-legged (quadruped) and six-
legged (hexapod) crawling micro-robots. The performances of various crawling micro-robots …

Rapid and consistent turning of running legged robots on surfaces with moderate friction is
challenging due to leg slip and uncertain dynamics. A tail is proposed as a method to effect …

Microbots can revolutionize various fields of science and technology with applications that
require access to confined environments. These microbots could allow engine inspections …

Due to the prospect of using walking robots in an impassable environment for tracked or
wheeled vehicles, walking locomotion is one of the most remarkable accomplishments in …

Minimally actuated millirobotic crawlers navigate unreliably over uneven terrain-even when
designed with inherent stability-mostly because of manufacturing variabilities and a lack of …

For maximum maneuverability, terrestrial robots need to be able to turn precisely, quickly,
and with a small radius. Previous efforts at turning in legged robots primarily have used leg …

The control of multilegged animal walking is a neuromechanical process, and to achieve this
in an adaptive and energy efficient way is a difficult and challenging problem. This is due to …

To power miniature mobile robots, the body structure must integrate actuators, sensing,
wiring, an energy source, power converters, and computing. The system-level performance …

Animals can incorporate large numbers of actuators because of the characteristics of
muscles; whereas, robots cannot, as typical motors tend to be large, heavy, and inefficient …