Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to
avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of …

Antipredator strategies of the pupal stage in insects have received little attention in
comparison to larval or adult stages. This is despite the fact that predation risk can be high …

Plants and animals are often adorned with potentially conspicuous colours (eg red, yellow,
orange, blue, purple). These include the dazzling colours of fruits and flowers, the brilliant …

Aposematic organisms couple conspicuous warning signals with a secondary defense to
deter predators from attacking. Novel signals of aposematic prey are expected to be …

Many chemically-defended/aposematic species rely on diet for sequestering the toxins with
which they defend themselves. This dietary acquisition can lead to variable chemical …

Ants have outstanding capacity to mediate inter-and intraspecific interactions by producing
structurally diverse metabolites from numerous secretory glands. Since Murray Blum's …

Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency‐
dependent selection (+ FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit signal polymorphism …

Camouflage and warning signals are different antipredator strategies, which offer an
excellent opportunity to study the evolutionary forces acting on prey appearance. Edible …

The combined use of noxious chemical defences and conspicuous warning colours is a
ubiquitous anti-predator strategy. That such signals advertise the presence of defences is …

Chemically defended animals often display conspicuous color patterns that predators learn
to associate with their unprofitability and subsequently avoid. Such animals (ie, aposematic) …