Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the
acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the …

Many atmospheric chemicals occur in the gas phase as well as in liquid cloud droplets and
aerosol particles. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the distribution between the …

Practical experiments drive important scientific discoveries in biology, but theory‐based
research studies also contribute novel—sometimes paradigm‐changing—findings. Here, we …

Predicting the formation of ice in the atmosphere presents one of the great challenges in
physical sciences with important implications for the chemistry and composition of the …

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play important roles in stratospheric ozone depletion
during winter and spring at high latitudes (eg, the Antarctic ozone hole). PSC particles …

This is the fifteenth in a series of evaluated sets of rate constants and photochemical cross
sections compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The data are used primarily to …

Ozone is produced in the troposphere by gas-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO
catalyzed by hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx≡ OH+ H+ peroxy radicals) and nitrogen oxide …

Foliar fertilization is an agricultural practice of increasing importance in practical terms.
Since nutrient sprays are mostly applied as water solutions, the focus of the article was …

A multicomponent mole-fraction-based thermodynamic model is used to represent aqueous
phase activities, equilibrium partial pressures (of H2O, HNO3, and NH3), and saturation with …

The physical state of a material is described as its phase. Common phases of the molecule
H2O include vapor, liquid water, and ice. Examples of these phases in the atmosphere are …