Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and
regulation of energy metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common …

Hyperthyroidism is a common condition with a global prevalence of 0· 2–1· 3%. When
clinical suspicion of hyperthyroidism arises, it should be confirmed by biochemical tests (eg …

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) should be considered in two categories according to the
elevation in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level: mildly increased TSH levels (4.0 …

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathies are traditionally divided into two distinct syndromes,
autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 and 2 (APS-1 and-2). The first is a monogenic …

Background: Data suggest symptoms of hypothyroidism persist in 5–10% of levothyroxine (L-
T4)-treated hypothyroid patients with normal serum thyrotrophin (TSH). The use of L-T4+ …

Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (GD) is a relatively rare disease in children.
Treatment options are the same as in adults-anti-thyroid drugs (ATD), radio-active iodine …

The microbiota has been identified as an important factor in health and in a variety of
diseases. An altered microbiota composition increases the prevalence of Hashimoto's …

We have evaluated prospectively the prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in
outpatient clinic in 3069 consecutive patients with diagnosed chronic autoimmune thyroiditis …

A complex relationship exists between thyroid and liver in health and disease. Liver plays an
essential physiological role in thyroid hormone activation and inactivation, transport, and …

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a chronic autoimmune thyroid disease caused by an
interaction between genetic factors and environmental conditions, both of which are yet to …