The skeletal system is the basis of the vertebral body composition, which affords stabilization
sites for muscle attachment, protects vital organs, stores mineral ions, supplies places to the …

Currently, the clinical treatment of critical bone defects attributed to various causes remains
a great challenge, and repairing these defects with synthetic bone substitutes is the most …

Trauma-and disease-related skeletal defects and illnesses are plaguing millions of people
especially in an ageing globe. Recently, the convergence of additive manufacturing (AM) …

Bone-tissue defects affect millions of people worldwide. Despite being common treatment
approaches, autologous and allogeneic bone grafting have not achieved the ideal …

Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of polymer chains containing large amounts of
water in their structure. Hydrogels have received significant attention in biomedical …

Blood vessels are essential for nutrient and oxygen delivery and waste removal. Scaffold-
repairing materials with functional vascular networks are widely used in bone tissue …

Tissue engineering is approach of replacing or regeneration of biological functions of
tissues or organs by using combination of biomaterials, biomolecules and cells. Tissue …

Being a bioactive material, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is regarded as one of the most attractive
ceramic biomaterials for bone and hard-tissue replacement and regeneration. Despite its …

Background The therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from stem cells has attracted
increasing interest recently, because they can exert similar paracrine functions of stem cells …

Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used
in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and …