This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Background Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical
problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus …

Purines have key roles in neurotransmission and neuromodulation, with their effects being
mediated by the purine and pyrimidine receptor subfamilies, P1, P2X and P2Y. Recently …

Objective Based on new understanding of nondopaminergic pathways involved in
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist …

Uric acid and purines (such as adenosine) regulate mood, sleep, activity, appetite, cognition,
memory, convulsive threshold, social interaction, drive, and impulsivity. A link between …

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is a critical component of the brain circuitry regulating behavioral
activation and effort-related processes. Although nucleus accumbens (NAc) DA depletions …

The drug treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is accompanied by a loss of drug efficacy,
the onset of motor complications, lack of effect on non-motor symptoms, and a failure to …

The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia was conceptualized about two decades ago in
an attempt to integrate two prominent theories of neurochemical imbalance that attribute the …

Rationale Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is a critical component of the brain circuitry regulating
behavioral activation and effort-related processes. Research involving choice tasks has …

Adenosine and dopamine receptors in striatal areas interact to regulate a number of different
functions, including aspects of motor control and motivation. Recent studies indicate that …