Millions of people are suffering from Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19
(PASC). Several biological factors have emerged as potential drivers of PASC pathology …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Studies have demonstrated that at least 20% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2
remain asymptomatic,,–. Although most global efforts have focused on severe illness in …

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health
challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, the rapid development and …

The adaptive immune response is a major determinant of the clinical outcome after SARS-
CoV-2 infection and underpins vaccine efficacy. T cell responses develop early and …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Omicron (B. 1.1. 529) variant of concern (VOC) has destabilized global efforts to control the …

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS‐
CoV‐2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays …

Most COVID-19 vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses, ideally neutralizing
antibodies (NAbs), against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Several vaccines, including …