The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

There is large uncertainty about the magnitude of warming and how rainfall patterns will
change in response to any given scenario of future changes in atmospheric composition and …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in
paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we …

Abstract During the African Humid Period about 14,800 to 5,500 years ago, changes in
incoming solar radiation during Northern Hemisphere summers led to the large-scale …

The last 6000years are of particular interest to the understanding of the Earth System
because the boundary conditions of the climate system did not change dramatically (in …

Global Physical Climatology, Second Edition, provides an introduction to the science of
climate and climate change that spans the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface, and the …

The authors quantify the relationship between the location of the intertropical convergence
zone (ITCZ) and the atmospheric heat transport across the equator (AHT EQ) in climate …

Subfossil pollen and plant macrofossil data derived from 14 C-dated sediment profiles can
provide quantitative information on glacial and interglacial climates. The data allow climate …

Tropical paleoclimate records provide important insights into the response of precipitation
patterns and the Hadley circulation to past climate changes. Paleo-records are commonly …